The modern state is a political device finished ordering of public life. Its fundamental principles summarize the experiences of different groups trials emerged in response to the dissolution of the primitive community, one based solely on family ties. Factors such as population explosion and the increasing intensity of the internal struggle for survival (the lift) and external (defense) led the ancients to integrate into communities broader and more heterogeneous. The cops the civitas , the res publica , kingdoms and empires represent, as a whole, organized ways of coexistence that managed to reduce levels of insecurity and social uncertainty, but became more complex notion of power, the government forms and relations of domination. A slow historical evolution, driven by the crisis of the feudal world and the spread of the capitalist spirit, it would result, in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century, the emergence in Europe of the figure of the State, understood "as a territory within within certain boundaries ( territorium clausum ), which inhabits a village designed as a set of subjects of rights and duties, subject to specific legal and political system. " He holds the distinguished jurist
Norberto Bobbio that the word "State" was imposed on other terms of greater political ancestry through dissemination and prestige achieved by the Prince work of the Florentine Niccolo Machiavelli, whose text begins with the phrase " All states, all forms of domination they exercised and exercised rule over men were and are republics or principalities. " From this origin 'Machiavellian' have been many authors have dealt with this famous institution human. Thomas Hobbes did not hesitate to judge odious but necessary, because of its strength to protect private property and avoid civil war. Hegel defined it, for its part, as the largest demonstration in human ethics, the true guarantee of citizen empowerment. Even among us remember the famous Marxist tenet that dispatches to the State as a mere instrument of domination of the bourgeoisie against the proletariat. Webber
But it was Max who was encouraged to take a more phenomenological judgmental, more explanatory than ideological. It would be he who defined the modern state from two elements: the legitimate monopoly of force and presence of an administrative apparatus that serves to address the provision of public services.
According to the professor of the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Elias Diaz, there have been four types of state: the absolutist state, the Liberal State, the Social State and the Social Democratic State. However, not all of them can be considered as rule of law. In the words of the scholar: "A State law (all or almost all are) not, without more, a rule of law (only a few meet their requirements.) This implies, in terms not exhaustive-submission of the State law, its own law, separation and control of powers, and actions all of the state through legislation, they also created according to certain procedures of some popular open and free participation, respect for fundamental rights as such accord with institutional organization. "
However, not infrequently as important legal caveat has been put aside by renowned scholars of the state. One of them was the German Carl Schmitt, who never hid his contempt for the tenets of liberal doctrine (with its institutional design balances and balances), as well as by modern theoretical developments in the philosophy of law. At one time came to say: "It is in civil war situations, as Thomas Hobbes well knew, when all these dreams are buried normativists loyalists and with which, in times of security is not hindered, like men to fool themselves about the political realities. "
For this master of legal pragmatism, the notion of the state represented by the concept of the political. Still echoes in the realm of ideas, the sentence of life breathed nazifascita constitutionalism and was written in a straightforward and simple style, in a famous essay entitled The concept of the political : "The criterion that defines policy , one to which all actions can be reduced and political reasons, is the distinction between friend and the enemy. " For Carl Schmitt
serene study of history shows that people interact on the basis of affinity relationships (which allow entente times) and military rivalry (which determine the periods of war). In his view, the collective adoption of noble and idealistic positions, such as pacifism or neutrality, do not bring with it the elimination of political conflict, but on the contrary, the disappearance of weaker communities, fearful and irresolute.
The inevitable but also necessary, of the existence of the enemy, encourage the lawyer to outline the basic premises of a theory polemological. Thus, advances a primary consideration, not any uncomfortable or alien presence serves to bind a society politically. Only that person qualifies as an enemy, ethnicity, group or nation can be perceived as a threat to the public, can pose a real risk of struggle, domination and bloodshed. In his own words: "The political enemy need not be morally wrong, or aesthetically ugly, no need to be erected in economic competitor, and may even be advantages to do business with him. It is simply the other, the stranger, and to determine its substance which is essentially just different and strange in a particularly intensive way. "
All the modern constitutional mandate the State to guarantee the peace, public order and security of assets. However, not infrequently this legal mandate has served as a pretext for key officials, in a calculated operation management of public opinion, to proceed to declare the presence of an internal enemy (eg 'the skinny') ; an evil presence and corrupting that may justify application in national politics, methods and weapons forbidden by law but tolerated and justified use in emergencies or foreign conflagration. It is giving with that Emmanuel Goldstein to justify, as in 1984 George Orwell's novel, the practice of the two minutes of hate.
Some studies have shed light on the influence that the binomial friend-enemy has on the human psyche. In November 2007 the journal Nature published research by Kiley Hamlin, a professor at Yale University, which states that as early as six months old babies show signs of assessing the social environment and believe distinguish between friends and foes .
"The ability to evaluate others is essential to live in the social world. Humans must be able to analyze the actions or intentions of those around them and make accurate decisions about who is friend or foe. Of Indeed, all social animals benefit from the ability to identify individual characteristics that could help them and to distinguish between those individuals and others who might harm them, "Hamlin said in the briefing note.
The present study involved a group of babies, aged between 6 and 10 months, a cartoon video where the protagonist, a round wooden block with bright eyes, trying unsuccessfully to climb a hill. After a few seconds, a character appeared on the scene "good", which helped him to rise, and a character "bad", which pushed him down. After the screening, the researchers offered to babies a cartoon representation of good and a bad representation of the cartoon. Most small tray made the character good.
"Then we did a second experiment. We show another animated video for babies. On this occasion, the protagonist was to befriend both the good guy and the bad guy. This situation of ambiguity caused a marked sense of discomfort and strangeness in small, which was evident at all times on their faces and reactions, "said Hamlin.
teachers handling large-scale mass know plays childlike behavior. They know that, as Elijah warned Canetti, mass always want to believe and needs a clear direction, one that offers the always charismatic and enlightened leader who has the virtue of knowing very well the identity of the enemy.
The political exploitation of the figure of the enemy triggers many adverse effects on the daily lives of men and women. One is the dehumanization of the other. Social psychologist Philip Zimbardo, in his indispensable book The Lucifer Effect , warns that the dehumanization works as a cataract that clouds the brain, it clouds the mind and deny others their human condition. "This tactic of manipulation makes others come to be seen as enemies deserving of torment, torture and extermination. "
This type of cataract, which produces the dehumanization, covers the mind of Gabriela Ramirez, the so-called ombudsman, as unworthy of the dignity of students and teachers on hunger strike declared in UNDP, to invite a friendly breakfast. Also there is a dangerous and dehumanizing unpunished when Alberto Nolia, spurred by the chuckle of journalist Tania Diaz, leverages its participation in the program Giving and , broadcast on Venezuelan state television, to compare with a despicable pig to a student who, in a video night out eating a cachito behind a sort of makeshift screen. He says that this student does not respect the hunger strike and has no dignity. And then, hearing those poisoned words, it all makes sense. Bastard logic reveals the dehumanizing enthymeme: the student (the opponent, the squalid, the sepoy, the counter, the lackey of the empire) is a pig, then you have no dignity. Because in these walk: The Revolution, like the mythical Circe turns men into pigs. And as one poster wrote in pigs Animal Farm "All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others." Nolia and Diaz
allow that tonito between ironic and bullies because they are faithful believers in eternity, because they think the fear that inoculating everything and anything you record can never disappear. Know they both lived and known by the Czech writer Ivan Klima, a survivor of Nazism and communism: "The fear lies in the beds of those who have given a strong impetus to their dreams and actions. A person could not escape his yearning anxiety is usually two ways: to escape beyond the hostile power or become powerful himself. Fear begets dreams of greatness. "
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